THE UNITED STATES of America and the [Chinese] Empire, desiring to maintain firm, lasting and sincere friendship, have resolved to renew, in a manner clear and positive, by means of a treaty or general convention of peace, amity and commerce, the rules which shall in future be mutually observed in the intercourse of their respective countries; for which most desirable object the President of the United States and the August Sovereign of the [Chinese]Empire have named for their Plenipotentiaries [etc., etc.] . . . . And the said Ministers, in virtue of the respective full powers they have received from their Governments, have agreed upon the following articles:
ARTICLE 1. There shall be, as there have always been, peace and friendship between the United States of America and the...
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