Development of WW II U-Boats and How Crews Were Trained

Despite the provisions of the Versailles Treaty in 1919, denying Germany construction and use of submarines, the German Naval Command fully intended to remain au fait with all matters relating to the subject, To do this it was planned that Germany should construct and test U-boats in other countries. From 1922 the opportunity was provided by setting up N.V.Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw (IVS). This firm, capitalised by three German yards, had its head office in the Hague.