The War of the Pacific against Imperial Japan was marked by episodes of mass suicides by Japanese soldiers and civilians, notably in Saipan and Okinawa. These deaths illustrated Japan's will to fight to the death to defend their mainland rather than surrender unconditionally. They may also have played a role in the US military's decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan, in the hope of avoiding an invasion that would be costly on both sides.
“They will not surrender”
In the spring of 1944, American troops in Saipan bore witness to a “banzai” charge, where nearly 4,000 Japanese soldiers charged American troops and fought to their death. They were following the last orders of their commander, Lieutenant General Yoshisugu Saito, who had called for this all-out surprise attack in the honor of the Emperor before committing ritual suicide. When the American troops entered Saipan, they witnessed a different atrocity as they saw women grabbing children and jumping from cliffs rather than submitting to capture by the American troops.
As America pushed forward, island by island, troops continued to bear witness to Japanese soldiers and civilians taking their own lives. Okinawa was a particularly hellish scene as nearly one-third of the island population died. Among these were Koreans who had been forcibly migrated from annexed Korea to Japanese islands to be press-ganged as laborers and comfort women. While the Japanese government states there was “military involvement” in these suicides, survivors attest to a compulsory mass suicide, or shudan jiketsu.
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