JULY 22, 1942, dawned hot and muggy in the Warsaw Ghetto. Two years earlier the Nazis had forced the Jewish population of German-occupied Poland into an area occupying just 1.3 square miles surrounded by a 10ft wall topped by barbed wire.
And this was the day on which they were to embark on one of the most horrifying examples of mass murder in human history.
Children cried, women screamed and old men begged for mercy but this was an operation that was to be carried out with no consideration of age, sex or infirmity.
On that first day 6,000 Jews were put aboard trains as the Holocaust moved into its industrial-scale phase. They were told they were to be resettled in the east.
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