The Soviet rejection of the Marshall Plan in the summer of 1947 has long been viewed as a turning point in the development of the Cold War. As Adam Ulman put it, "WIth the Marshall Plan, the cold war assumes the character of position warfare." After the summer of 1947, it was no longer simply differences on individual issues which divided the erstwhile members of the wartime anti-Hitler coalition, "rather, it was the totality of foreign policies of each side that became the object of attack of the other." While this general point has been clear for some time, the question has remained, however, just what sort of turning point the Marshall Plan represented.